Networking
Packet-switched network divides data into small packets traveling through network nodes then reassembling at destination.
First, the data is broken up into small packets.
A header is attached to the packet that contains the sender's IP, the receiver's IP, and a sequence number to put the packets back together.
The routing of the packets is done independently and sent efficiently based upon network traffic.
When all packets are received they are then re-assembled at the destination based upon the sequence number.
The store-and-forward makes internet communication more efficient and reliable.
Broken down, Addressed, Transmitted, Routed, Received
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the backbone of internet communication. It sets protocols or rules allowing network connected devices to communicate with each other. Communication can occur regardless of hardware or software platform the device runs on.
TCP/IP proceeds down 4 layers of a device then back up the receiving device layers.
The application layer interacts with the network via HTTP, SMTP or FTP protocols.
The transport layer breaks down communication into smaller packets, sequences them and checks for errors. It asks for communication to be resent if the packet is missing.
The internet layer places addresses in the packet and routes to the destination.
The network access layer instructs the hardware (cables, ethernet, WiFi) move.
The key benefits of TCP/IP are reliability, scalability and routability.
TCP/IP can resend packets making the protocol reliable, scalability ensures that it works well regardless of how many computers are connected and routability allows data to take the most efficient network path.
In summary, TCP manages how data is packaged, addressed, transmitted and routed over the internet.
Domain Name System (DNS)
DNS is a hierarchical distributed storage system which maps registered internet domain names with location based ip addresses. It acts as the internet's phone book.
The Address Mapping Record or A Record stores the hostname and the corresponding ipv4 address. If google servers are located at 207.237.69.177 it can be mapped to the domain name google.com.
A TXT record stores readable information (server, data center) in the DNS.
A Canonical Name record (CNAME record) maps domain name alias to each other. Can use this to map to google storage locations.
Directs traffic that requests a URL from your domain to the resources you want to serve.
Buys a Domain
What is SEO?
SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is used to ensure that your web site can be located via a search engine like Google. To design your website to ensure it can be found using search, you need to focus on the concepts below.
Keywords are needed to be placed in your pages that relate to what users type in the search bar.
Quality of content on site is important and needs to be pertinent and helpful.
Structure of pages where heading tags are clear and can be searched easily.
Site Speed so pages can load quickly and not frustrate users.
Crawlability, no broken links or dead ends.
Backlinks pointing to popular sites like amazon.com.
Automated bots crawl the internet to discover content via links.
They index that content for retrieval.
Rank pages for relevance to the users search.
https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/keyword-research
IP Addressing
This summary distills the core principles of network addressing, subnetting, and CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
IP Addressing can be done privately like locally on your home network devices. These addresses only work locally and within that network. Usually start with numbers like 192.168.0.0/16 and allow all the devices in your house to connect.
Public addresses need to be reserved.
Cloud users can get Ephemeral/temporary addresses or fixed from GCP themselves and they can be permanent as assigned a specific value.
GCP provided address
Internet service providers and large firms can apply for blocks of IP addresses so that they can create their own networks using these blocks.
Subnetting is dividing a large network into smaller groups.
This results in increased performance because of reducing traffic.
Better security for it can isolate groups where they can be locked off.
The Mechanics: Addresses & Masks
Every device needs an IP Address (identity) and a Subnet Mask (filter).
The Mask: Acts like a stencil, defining which bits are for the Network (locked) and which are for the Host (free for devices).
Reserved Addresses: Every subnet "loses" two addresses: the first (Network ID) and the last (Broadcast Address).
The Slash: Indicates how many bits (out of 32) are locked for the network.
CIDR Prefix Total IPs Real-World Use Case
/32 1A single specific server (Static IP)
/24 256 Typical home or small office network
/16 65,536 Large corporate VPC or internal network
Connectivity & Routing
Routing: Directs traffic using a Destination, a Next Hop, and a Priority.
Internal vs. External: Internal IPs facilitate private VPC talk; External IPs allow internet visibility.
Best Practices: Plan for growth, document every assigned range, and use a hierarchical design to simplify troubleshooting.
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